Wednesday, August 26, 2020

A Growing “Threat” to Society Essay Example for Free

A Growing â€Å"Threat† to Society Essay The Internet is one of the most impressive wellsprings of data today. Hence, it has the ability to illuminate, just as to misdirect. This twofold edged potential has transformed the Internet into the most recent road for psychological oppression. Psychological oppressors are presently outfitting the intensity of the Internet to unleash destruction among the general population (Conway, 2002). Fear mongers utilize the Internet essentially as a promulgation device †it is a scene wherein they broadcast their motivation or clarify their ideological defense without confusion or oversight. Starting at 2002, a greater part of the 33 gatherings esteemed remote fear monger associations by the United States State Department had their own sites. There are additionally numerous different sites, that, in spite of not being identified with any fear monger gathering, give data on the best way to submit psychological oppressor exercises, for example, bomb-production. The last regularly get away from criminal arraignment because of the First Amendment, which ensures the right to speak freely of discourse to the general masses (Conway, 2002). The general concept of digital fear mongering, be that as it may, isn't without conflict. For one, it is as yet not satisfactory with regards to what separates digital fear based oppression from opportunity of articulation. Likewise, there are sure Internet-related wrongdoings that can't be considered as digital fear based oppression, in spite of the fact that they dispense harm upon general society. Undoubtedly, psychological oppression in itself is as of now a famously troublesome idea to characterize. The expansion of PCs to it further convolutes the thought (Conway, 2002). The Internet: A New Weapon The Internet was initially planned as a methods for continuing contact in case of an atomic assault. Yet, because of its speed and accommodation, it is as of now a significant setting for data, correspondence and trade. As of September 2006, there were more than 1 billion Internet clients around the world (Vatis, 2006). With only a single tick of a mouse, a business person in Germany can store assets to a financial balance in Switzerland and converse with a London-based cousin up close and personal through a web camera. An understudy in California, in the interim, can get the hang of everything about the Great Wall of China with only a couple of keystrokes. After 9/11 It was simply after 9/11 that the very idea of digital fear based oppression was really evolved. Prior to 9/11, Internet-related wrongdoings were as a rule through sending obscene email to minors, destroying pages, taking Mastercard data and propelling PC infections (Conway, 2002). After 9/11, be that as it may, US authorities understood that fear based oppressor associations could utilize the Internet to produce more gore (Weimann, 2004). Al-Qaeda, for example, could dispatch rockets or natural weapons to the US by essentially squeezing the â€Å"Enter† catch of a PC (Stohl, 2006). To a limited degree, the feelings of dread of the US were very much established. In November 2000, an electronic assault was done from Pakistan against the Washington-based star Israeli campaigning bunch American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Beside destroying AIPAC’s webpage with against Israeli editorials, the aggressor in like manner took somewhere in the range of 3,500 email addresses and 700 charge card numbers, sent enemy of Israeli harangues to the addresses and distributed the Mastercard information on the Internet. The Pakistani programmer, known by the false name â€Å"Dr. Nuker,† guaranteed obligation regarding the occurrence. It worked out that â€Å"Dr. Hacker† was an originator of the Pakistani Hackerz Club, an association whose goal was to â€Å"hack for the foul play circumventing the globe, particularly with (sic) Muslims† (Conway, 2002). The previously mentioned digital ambush was not unprecedented. The Lebanese Shiite Islamic gathering Hezbollah set up its assortment of sites in 1995. At present, the gathering has three sites that can be seen in either English or Arabic †one for its press office, another to depict its assaults on Israeli targets (http://www. moqawama. television) and a third, Al-Manar TV, for news and data (http://www. manartv. com). These sites normally give the most recent data about Hezbollah, including press proclamations, political announcements, photographs, video and sound clasps. An email address is additionally given as contact data (Conway, 2002). After 9/11, subsequently, government specialists gave summons and court orders to pretty much every significant Internet-based organization, including America Online, MSN, Yahoo! also, Google. Likewise, many sites were exposed to legitimate conclusion by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Included among those that were shut down were radical Internet radio shows, for example, â€Å"IRA Radio,† â€Å"Al Lewis Live† and â€Å"Our Americas. † The â€Å"jihad web ring,† an assortment of 55 jihad-related sites, lost many its locales because of pullouts by Yahoo! Lycos Europe, in the mean time, made a 20-man group to channel its sites for criminal behavior and psychological militant related substance (Conway, 2002). Digital psychological warfare: Is There Really Such Thing? One of the most widely recognized contentions against digital fear mongering is that it is a fanciful danger (Lacey, 2007). As opposed to well known recognition, there is a negligible possibility that digital fear based oppressors would correct mischief on honest individuals by assaulting corporate and administrative PC systems. As of this second, psychological militant associations utilize the Internet just for raising money, interchanges and purposeful publicity. There is the likelihood that psychological oppressors may utilize PCs as weaponry to a critical degree, however this will â€Å"probably occur in the (inaccessible) future† (Conway, 2002). At present, psychological militants would cause more to notice their motivation by setting off bombs as opposed to hacking bytes (Conway, 2002). Rather than getting very distrustful about digital psychological warfare, the administration ought to rather concentrate on taking out digital assaults against organizations. Starting at July 2002, programmers had effectively propelled at any rate 180,000 Internet assaults against in excess of 400 open, private, administrative and non-benefit associations. The brunt of these assaults fell on the force and vitality ventures, just as on the innovation and money related administrations. Whenever left unchecked, these digital assaults would be unfavorable to customers †so as to compensate for their misfortunes to programmers, proprietors of the previously mentioned ventures should raise the costs of their items and administrations (Fishman, Jospehberg, Linn, Pollack, Victoriano, 2002). End Paranoia over digital fear mongering is extremely perilous. Beside occupying consideration from progressively genuine wrongdoings, for example, digital assaults, it disregards social equality and freedoms. Under the appearance of â€Å"fighting terrorism,† even sites whose lone wrongdoing was to communicate radical thoughts were shut down. While it is the obligation of the state to protect its constituents from threat, doing so ought not encroach their natural rights. The facts demonstrate that psychological warfare may go to the internet later on so as to spread considerably more dread and slaughter. However, before the administration surges out to dispense with â€Å"cyber-terrorists,† it should initially have an obvious idea of what establishes digital fear based oppression and what makes a digital psychological oppressor. Something else, the legislature will wind up more regrettable than the psychological militants that it expects to dispose of. References Conway, M. (2002). What is Cyberterrorism? Current History, 101, 436-442. Recovered October 17, 2008 from Academic Research Library. Fishman, R. M. , Josephberg, K. , Linn, J. , Pollack, J. , Victoriano, J. (2002). Danger of International Cyberterrorism on the Rise. Licensed innovation Technology Law Journal, 14, 23. Recovered October 17, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global. Lacey, D. ComputerWeekly. com. (2007, April 29). How Real is the Threat of Cyber Terrorism? Recovered October 17, 2008, from http://www. computerweekly. com/web journals/david_lacey/2007/04/ how_real_is_the_threat_of_cybe. html Stohl, M. (2006). Digital Terrorism: A Clear and Present Danger, the Sum of All Fears, Breaking Point or Patriot Games? Wrongdoing Law Soc Change, 46, 223-238. Recovered October 17, 2008 from SpringerLink. Vatis, M. (2006). The Next Battlefield: The Reality of Virtual Threats. Harvard International Review, 28, 56-61. Recovered October 17, 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global. Weimann, G. US Institute of Peace. (2004, December). Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat? Recovered October 17, 2008, from http://www. usip. organization/bars/specialreports/sr119. html#threat

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Politics of the United States of America-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Politics of the United States of America. Answer: Presentation: Political framework is significant for a nation to work the nation in an effective manner. Political framework with valid statements of view can assist a nation with developing further monetarily, strategically and socially. As per the greatness of electorate, U.S stands second biggest popularity based nation, everywhere throughout the world (McKay 2017). America has a solid political framework and being a created nation, this is significant for everybody to think about this framework. In this report, the political arrangement of America will be talked about. Also, the report will examine about Barack Obamas articulation identified with intensity of the U.S administration. American political framework: Concurring the constitution of the United States, the nation follows a government republic. In administrative republic, president, bureaucratic courts and congress share controls the national government. The central government keeps up power with its state governments. The President of America drives the official branch. This branch is autonomous of both the legal executive and governing body. The President gets a lot of counselors from the bureau. This bureau incorporated the Vice President and different leaders of the official divisions. Administrative force is given in the two offices of Congress. These are the House of Representatives and the Senate (Wilson, DiIulio Jr, Bose and Levendusky 2018). The two boss ideological groups of America are the Democratic Party and the Republic Party. Notwithstanding, there are additionally some other little ideological groups that exist in this nation. Those gatherings are the Green Party, the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party. Various highlights of political arrangement of America: The political arrangement of America has a few contrasts from other created vote based nations. In America, the upper place of the council appreciates progressively political force contrast with different nations. On the opposite side, the Supreme Court has a more extensive extent of intensity. In addition, the council, the official, and the two political ruling equalities can isolate the forces of governmental issues. Other ideological groups appreciate less political impact contrast with other created nations (Nugent 2017). This happens on the grounds that the nation has extreme controls on its political framework. Those controls have various structures. These are government and state laws, victor take-all races and casual media forbiddances, etc. State legislature of America: The State legislature of this nation is a unit and works its capacity under then government. The state legislature of each state approaches monetary, official and authoritative authority inside their restricted geological region. The chosen senator is the CEO of a state. The senator has this force for a long time (Hershey 2017). Each state has a bicameral assembly. This has an upper house, that is, the Senate and a lower house, that is, the House of Representatives. Nearby Government of America: The nation has 89,500 nearby governments with gigantic quantities of regions, regions, townships and school regions. Neighborhood governments serve everything to its nearby residents (Hershey 2017). These incorporate insurances identified with fire and police, training, wellbeing, lodging and open transportation. Leader of America: The President of America is the head of both government and state. The President is additionally the main negotiator and the military president. The nation residents of this nation can't pick their leader straightforwardly by casting a ballot framework. Or maybe, the Electoral College picks the President. This school speaks to each state and has a mix of individuals in the Senate and the individuals in the House of Representatives from all states (Moffitt 2017). The President has forces to control the national undertakings and the exercises of the central government. Additionally, the individual in question can give official requests that can additionally impact inner approaches of the nation. Then again, the President has the ability to name Cabinet individuals, government judges and Supreme Court judges. Barack Obamas explanation: The 44th President of America has a few explanations about the intensity of the administration of the U.S.A. he filled in as the President from 2009 to 2017. He assumed this liability from a positive perspective. He however that the solidarity among the residents of America is the central explanation for the advancement of the country. In any case, as indicated by him, majority rule government can be existed in the nation further if a few changes will happen inside the nation. He attempted to bring up about the balance and unalienable rights. For making the nation more grounded and democrat, it is significant for each resident to talk about their conditions (Matvienko and Gavrylenko 2018). As the President bears enormous capably of as created nation, Barack Obama expressed that it is hard to deal with the general circumstance. As indicated by him, a little choice can influence adversely in general countrys economy, legislative issues and society. Additionally, this carries colossal p ossibility for the president to lose his situation in future. As per him, the nation can improve its condition under a decent initiative. This initiative can be acquired from an effective president. In addition, to improve the political states of the nation, the President ought to be extremely idealistic. During his presidential period, Barack Obama confronted different issue identified with worldwide issues (Pan and Turner 2017). Henceforth, as indicated by him, those circumstances ought to be controlled cautiously without hampering the universal connection with different nations. The President additionally proposes for giving significance on some significant issues identified with an Earth-wide temperature boost and fear mongerings (Cole and Harper 2017). As indicated by him, psychological oppression are a developing political issue that U.S is confronting. Subsequently, it is critical to control this productively. There are additionally some different issues identified with prese nt day society. Those issues ought to be taken care of cautiously. Thus, the President of the nation bears incredible capacity to control the entire nation. As per him, this force is expanding each day. Be that as it may, this ought to be done cautiously. End: In the wake of examining the entire themes, it tends to be presumed that the nation has a solid political force and this can assist the nation with developing further. Besides, this political arrangement of the nation contrasts from different nations at times. The President of U.S faces immense obligations, as it is a just nation. Barack Obama likewise expressed about the administration intensity of the nation. He confronted immense difficulties and borne colossal obligations at the hour of his obligation. He likewise confronted different difficulties during his presidential period. References: Cole, E.R. what's more, Harper, S.R., 2017. Race and talk: An investigation of school presidents proclamations nearby racial incidents.Journal of Diversity in Higher Education,10(4), p.318. Hershey, M.R., 2017.Party governmental issues in America. Taylor Francis. Matvienko, V.M. what's more, Gavrylenko, I.I., 2018. THE EXERCISE OF SOFT POWER BY THE US THROUGH THE USE OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY DURING GW BUSH AND B. OBAMA PRESIDENCY.Actual issues of global relations, (133), pp.16-25. McKay, D., 2017.American governmental issues and society. John Wiley Sons. Moffitt, S., 2017. Book Review: Campaigning for President in America, 17882016.Reference User Services Quarterly,56(2), pp.141-142. Nugent, N., 2017.The government and legislative issues of the European Union. Springer. Skillet, C. furthermore, Turner, O., 2017. Neoconservatism as talk: Virtue, force and US outside policy.European Journal of International Relations,23(1), pp.74-96. Wilson, J.Q., DiIulio Jr, J.J., Bose, M. what's more, Levendusky, M.S., 2018.American government: Institutions and strategies. Cengage Learning.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Gate Control Theory and the Brain

Gate Control Theory and the Brain Psychotherapy Print Gate Control Theory and the Brain By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 01, 2019 Sandro Di Carlo Darsa/PhotoAlto/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In order to explain why our mental states impact pain perceptions, researchers Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall proposed what is known as gate control theory during the early 1960s. This theory suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Researchers have long observed that factors such as thoughts, emotions, and expectations can influence our perceptions of pain. If you expect something to hurt, it probably will hurt worse. If you are upset or frightened, pain may seem more intense than it would if you were calm. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the gate in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals. Pain signals traveling via small nerve fibers are allowed to pass through while signals sent by large nerve fibers are blocked. Gate control theory is often used to explain the phantom or chronic pain. How Gate Control Works Following an injury, pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and then up to the brain. Melzack and Wall suggest that before the information is transmitted to the brain, the pain messages encounter nerve gates that control whether these signals are allowed to pass through to the brain. In some cases, the signals are passed along more readily and pain is experienced more intensely. In other instances, pain messages are minimized or even prevented from reaching the brain at all. A Closer Look at the Gate Control Process This gating mechanism takes place in the dorsal horn of the bodys spinal cord. Both small nerve fibers (pain fibers) and large nerve fibers (normal fibers for touch, pressure, and other skin senses) both carry information to two areas of the dorsal horn. These two areas are either the transmission cells that carry information up to the spinal cord to the brain or the inhibitory interneurons which halt or impede the transmission of sensory information. Large fiber activity, however, excites the inhibitory neurons, which diminishes the transmission of pain information. When there is more large fiber activity in comparison to pain fiber activity, people tend to experience less pain. This means that the pain gates are closed.Pain fibers impede the inhibitory interneurons, allowing pain information to travel up to the brain. When there is more small fiber activity, it inactivates the inhibitory neurons so that pain signals can be sent to the brain in order for pain perception (also known as nociception) to take place. In other words, the pain gates are now open. While it is perhaps the most influential theory of pain perception, gate control is not without problems. Many of the ideas suggested by Melzack and Wall have not been substantiated by research, including the very existence of an actual gating system in the spinal cord.   Gate Control Explains Why Touch Can Modulate Pain Perception Melzack and Wall suggest that this process explains why we tend to rub injuries after they happen. When you bang your shin on a chair or table, for example, you might stop to rub the injured spot for a few moments. The increase in normal touch sensory information helps inhibit pain fiber activity, therefore reducing the perception of pain. Gate control theory is also often used to explain why massage and touch can be helpful pain management strategies during childbirth. Because the touch increases large fiber activity, it has an inhibitory effect on pain signals. Melzack and Wall themselves noted that the gate metaphor for pain perception served as a helpful way of helping people understand the basic concept, regardless of whether they grasped the complex physiological processes behind the theory. Doctors often utilize the gate metaphor to help patients understand how and why pain can fluctuate so much. A Word From Verywell While gate control theory does not explain every aspect of how people experience pain, it does tell us some important things. Melzack and Walls theory was the first to consider the psychological factors that influence the perception and experience of pain. There was initially a period of resistance to the theory after the original article was published, but it soon became accepted as evidence increasingly pointed to the existence of a spinal gating mechanism. The theory helped transform approaches to the treatment of management of pain.

Gate Control Theory and the Brain

Gate Control Theory and the Brain Psychotherapy Print Gate Control Theory and the Brain By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 01, 2019 Sandro Di Carlo Darsa/PhotoAlto/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In order to explain why our mental states impact pain perceptions, researchers Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall proposed what is known as gate control theory during the early 1960s. This theory suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Researchers have long observed that factors such as thoughts, emotions, and expectations can influence our perceptions of pain. If you expect something to hurt, it probably will hurt worse. If you are upset or frightened, pain may seem more intense than it would if you were calm. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the gate in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals. Pain signals traveling via small nerve fibers are allowed to pass through while signals sent by large nerve fibers are blocked. Gate control theory is often used to explain the phantom or chronic pain. How Gate Control Works Following an injury, pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and then up to the brain. Melzack and Wall suggest that before the information is transmitted to the brain, the pain messages encounter nerve gates that control whether these signals are allowed to pass through to the brain. In some cases, the signals are passed along more readily and pain is experienced more intensely. In other instances, pain messages are minimized or even prevented from reaching the brain at all. A Closer Look at the Gate Control Process This gating mechanism takes place in the dorsal horn of the bodys spinal cord. Both small nerve fibers (pain fibers) and large nerve fibers (normal fibers for touch, pressure, and other skin senses) both carry information to two areas of the dorsal horn. These two areas are either the transmission cells that carry information up to the spinal cord to the brain or the inhibitory interneurons which halt or impede the transmission of sensory information. Large fiber activity, however, excites the inhibitory neurons, which diminishes the transmission of pain information. When there is more large fiber activity in comparison to pain fiber activity, people tend to experience less pain. This means that the pain gates are closed.Pain fibers impede the inhibitory interneurons, allowing pain information to travel up to the brain. When there is more small fiber activity, it inactivates the inhibitory neurons so that pain signals can be sent to the brain in order for pain perception (also known as nociception) to take place. In other words, the pain gates are now open. While it is perhaps the most influential theory of pain perception, gate control is not without problems. Many of the ideas suggested by Melzack and Wall have not been substantiated by research, including the very existence of an actual gating system in the spinal cord.   Gate Control Explains Why Touch Can Modulate Pain Perception Melzack and Wall suggest that this process explains why we tend to rub injuries after they happen. When you bang your shin on a chair or table, for example, you might stop to rub the injured spot for a few moments. The increase in normal touch sensory information helps inhibit pain fiber activity, therefore reducing the perception of pain. Gate control theory is also often used to explain why massage and touch can be helpful pain management strategies during childbirth. Because the touch increases large fiber activity, it has an inhibitory effect on pain signals. Melzack and Wall themselves noted that the gate metaphor for pain perception served as a helpful way of helping people understand the basic concept, regardless of whether they grasped the complex physiological processes behind the theory. Doctors often utilize the gate metaphor to help patients understand how and why pain can fluctuate so much. A Word From Verywell While gate control theory does not explain every aspect of how people experience pain, it does tell us some important things. Melzack and Walls theory was the first to consider the psychological factors that influence the perception and experience of pain. There was initially a period of resistance to the theory after the original article was published, but it soon became accepted as evidence increasingly pointed to the existence of a spinal gating mechanism. The theory helped transform approaches to the treatment of management of pain.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

A Short Note On Non And Non Nonverbal Communication

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non –verbal communication comes under the purview of social interaction in sociology. Nonverbal communication affects how the words one says is perceived and understood . This type of communication includes gestures, touch, body language, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication can also include messages communicated through material items. For example, clothing or hairstyle is a form of nonverbal exchange that communicates something about the individual. As a general rule, nonverbal communication can be studied based on the location or context of communication, the physical characteristics of the interlocutors, and the behaviors of the interlocutors in the course of the interaction†¦show more content†¦These nonverbal behaviors can indicate a person’s feelings and rry themselves in different contexts. A fisherman will have a completely different gesture as compared to a corporate person .Postures E. Generational differences demonstrate how posture is socialized; older generations were taught to carry themselves with their shoulders farther back, prompting parents to remind today’s youth to stop slouching. Gestures Vitarka mudra, Tarim Basin, 9th century. . Gestures are movements with one’s hands, arms, or face that communicate a particular message. The most common gestures are emblem gestures or quotable gestures that are learned within a particular cultural to communicate a particular message. For example, in the Western world, waving one’s hand back and forth communicates â€Å"hello† or â€Å"goodbye.† Emblem gestures can vary by cultural space so widely that a common gesture in one context is offensive in another. Facial gestures, or facial expressions, are a particularly communicative form of gesture. Facial expressions are more difficult for the â€Å"speaker† to manipulate, given that so many micro-movements are involved in the creation of one expression. This makes facial gestures extremely efficient and honest, and are therefore heavily relied upon in by the â€Å"listener† in evaluating the â€Å"speaker’s† assertions. Clothing Clothing is a means of communicating nonverbally that relies upon materials other than

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

William Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Tragic Hero - 1251 Words

Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies. Hamlet himself is commonly known as a tragic hero in the play. He knows he possesses the flaw of indecision but cannot overcome it, and this is a weakness that eventually causes his downfall. Therefore, this paper will discuss his own fate by examining some of his characteristics. Different people have their own understanding towards Hamlet. As a tragic hero, some think he is young, brave and thoughtful; some think he is conscientious, because he loves his country, his father, and his girlfriend; also there are some who think he is a loser. In my point of view, I not only see him as a big hero who can carry on his duty and revenge for his father and his country, but also an imperfect man who is always indecisive. The first soliloquy (Page 127), this paper will discuss, is one of the most famous soliloquies of Hamlet. He said it in the Act III, scene I (64-98), before he met Ophelia. He was walking by himself and thinking about life. â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question†, this is the first line of his soliloquy. From this line, Hamlet shows the audiences how conflicted he was at that time. The biggest question for him is to live or to die, and all the rest of his soliloquies help him try to find out the answer. Let’s think about his personal development before and after. Before his father died, Hamlet used to be a student who studied in the Wittenberg. And Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, has a happy family. HisShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Aristotelian Tragic Hero1529 Words   |  7 Pagesplay, Hamlet, centers around Hamlet’s contemplation of killing his uncle in order to avenge his father’s death. Hamlet’s decisions and values come into play in determining his fate. However, Hamlet’s intended action to avenge his father’s death, rather his motivation, falls short due to his moral dilemma. Overall, Hamlet’s actions and values work together to create a connection between Hamlet’s state of mind and the condition of Denmark as well as, epitomize him as an Aristotelian tragic hero. At theRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero850 Words   |  4 Pagesas a hero if they revenge? Well In the novel Hamlet the author, William Shakespeare creates tragic events where his main character Hamlet has to overcome to achieve his goal of kill ing his evil uncle Claudius. â€Å"In life one has to do bad thing in order to be a hero,the hero also has to make sacrifices in order to be successful† (John Barrowman). In Shakespeare Hamlet, should hamlet be considered a tragic hero judging by him following the hero steps. Shakespeare proves that Hamlet was a tragic heroRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: Shakespeare s portrayal of Hamlet s revenge is not a worthy journey because he never finds his self worth, distracted between what will exemplify his purpose, and what will make him a failure in the memory of Denmark. Three quotes with analysis explaining thesis: Act 1 Scene 5 Ghost: â€Å" But know, thou noble youth, Hamlet: â€Å"Oh My Prophetic Soul! My uncle?† The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown.† The beginning of the â€Å"call to adventure -JRead More The Tragic Hero of Hamlet Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Hamlet    Shakespeares play, Hamlet illustrates the tragedy of a young princes pursuit to obtain revenge for a corrupt act, the murder of his father.  Ã‚   As the exposition unfolds, we find Prince Hamlet struggling with internal conflict over who and what was behind his fathers death.   His struggle continues as he awaits the mystic appearance of a ghost who is reported to resemble his father.   Suddenly it appears, proclaiming, Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing / ToRead MoreHamlet : A Tragic Hero995 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet: A Tragic Hero William Shakespeare is known through the ages as a brilliant playwright. He has written several comedies and tragedies that people have loved through decades. Shakespeare’s plays have been interpreted in many different ways and have been debated on which interpretation is correct. Some of these included even the basis of the character’s persona. In the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet, the main protagonist, Prince Hamlet, is fated by the ghost of his late father that, becauseRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Conley Mr. David Rasnake English 1020 November 10, 2015 Paper 3~ Tragic Hero What is tragedy? What makes someone or something a tragic hero? A tragedy is â€Å"A serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior face and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion elicits the pity or terror† (Merriam-Webster). Tragedy can be a good or a bad thing in life. Also, depending on what the tragedy is, it should have a powerful impact on our lives. A tragedy can changeRead MoreAct 3 Scene 1 Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay947 Words   |  4 Pages3 scene 1 of William Shakespeare â€Å"Hamlet† the main protagonist, Hamlet, recites a soliloquy â€Å"To be, or not to be.† Throughout his lines Hamlet explains the concept of suicide and why people choose to live long lives instead of ending their suffering. The main point he speaks on is the mystery of one’s afterlife, they never know for sure what happens when they die. For this reason, his speech does a good job highlighting the plays underlying themes of pervasiveness of death, and tragic dilemma, andRead MoreHamlet : Once A M an Of Reason1398 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet: Once a Man of Reason In today’s world, the word hero has been portrayed in many different ways. With each member of our society having their own creative imagination on what qualifies as a hero, the definition has changed immensely. Unfortunately, no matter how impeccable a hero may present himself, every fictional hero is indeed human. With that being said, the two share the same deficiencies as every human such as physical disabilities, internal ailments, and mental impairments. SocietyRead MoreDoes Othello Meet The Standards Of A Tragic Hero?2171 Words   |  9 PagesOthello Meet the Standards of a Tragic Hero? William Shakespeare is considered one of the greatest play writers who ever lived. Students throughout the United States continue to read his sonnets and plays today. His style of writing and his use of metaphors are what truly make him a great writer. Shakespeare wrote many comedies such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Much Ado about Nothing, and The Taming of the Shrew. Shakespeare also wrote many tragedies such as Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet. Many

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Checkpoint Drawing Head Of Lead by Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea Quarters by Michelangelo Essay Example For Students

Checkpoint Drawing Head Of Lead by Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea Quarters by Michelangelo Essay The 2 drawings that loved and chose to study or Compare are Head Of Lead by Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea Quarters by Michelangelo; the two are very interesting to me because they tell me about the artist, for instance Michelangelo drawing is the only surviving portrait drawing that he made and according to the description Michelangelo Was most reluctant to make portrait drawings unless the subject was one Of perfect beauty when he viewer looks at the portrait we can see why he chose to only have perfect beauty the detail of the portrait is almost picture like, every detail is captured including the balanced lighting through the picture and the creases on the clothing it goes beyond just having a person, he was able to capture the essence of the person. Head of Lead by Leonardo da Vinci is also very beautiful yet the detail that Leonardo catches is more anatomically correct rather than capturing the essence of the person whom he was drawing. For example the nose is outlined refectory from nose tip to eye brow the eyes are very anatomically correct their lids are perfectly placed and the lashes are drawn in one by one, Her hair is braided in two buns in what seems to be a series of French braids. We also see how Leonardo style comes through as very relaxed and free formed since his drawing is also like that her posture is very tree flowing and although her hair is braided she does have some hair coming out of it. Both drawings have such differences yet they are very similar, and they show us how these two artist felt about drawing and art in general.

Sunday, April 5, 2020

A short quiz Essays

A short quiz Essays A short quiz Essay A short quiz Essay In todays society, many are not aware that they fall In a category of personality regarding the self. The more one tries to answer the questions about their self, the more one beings looking further Into their self. From Walker Percy essay, A Short Quiz, the following paragraphs will include explanations of three of Perrys selves: the cosmological self, the role-taking self, and the scientific and artistic self. The cosmological self can be identified as one of the most common selves in todays youth. The self is either conscious of itself or only conscious of itself insofar s its identity with a cosmological myth or a classificatory system (14). In public media, many artist make appearances which leave a large Impact on people. Such include, first, Justine Bibber. He began singing In the corner of streets to catch the attention of those who walked by and ended up selling millions of records by the side of many other famous musical artists. Through the journey of finding his self, he brought along his fellow believers, or devoted followers. These followers felt as if identifying themselves as a believer, they would receive as well as give some sort of raise or recognition. Not only does the cosmological self apply to one person, but It also applies to a group of people. Take the Dodgers for example. The Dodgers are primarily famous throughout the Hispanic communities but also in California itself since that team has been placed there. As commuters are driving down the freeways in California, they are most likely to drive by a billboard with three large words printed across, Live, Breathe, Blue. Automatically, the word blue is affiliated with the Dodgers, being that their team color is blue. This billboard contrasts two important incepts, living and breathing, to the the color blue,which as discussed appertains to the Dodgers. The self ls_. _ only conscious of Itself Insofar as Its Identity with A classificatory system (14). In this way, people try to find themselves through the classification of others. And finally, the most common cosmological self, astrological signs. Various question the effect astrological signs have on the readers views of themselves. Astrological signs play a large role in many lives today. In a sense, it helps todays world to find themselves. The key phrase in that sentence Is in a ensue. The reality Is that astrological signs, as well as idols such as Justine Bibber and the Dodgers, are only used to fill up the empty space In ones mind which holds the definition of that persons self. The second of Percy selves is the role-taking self. One sociological view of the self is that the self achieves its identity by taking roles and modeling its own from the roles of others (15). A natural example of this is the relationship between a child and their parent. A childs first words generally originate from their parents speech. A arena may consistently ask the child If they want milk, a toy, or even their father. This occasionally results in the development of a childs first word. As a teenager, they begin to acquire some habits, good and bad, from their parents. This includes speech, organization, and work habits. As an adult, they may choose to raise their child in accordance to their parents early decisions. In all, a child imitating their parent Is typical in the role-taking self. A contrasting bond may take place in an employee to trainer setting. As there is no natural, or blood, relation In this type of mains the same. And finally, the role-taking self between a player and their coach. Not many people have the opportunity to experience the relationship between a player and their coach. It is what is commonly known as a love/hate relationship. The day a player win their match, race, or game, they are in love with their coach. But that love never last longer than two days when that player is back on the field or court wishing they had left the scene when they had the chance. Despite the adversities present in the role-taking self, it provides a template which one can always rely on. The third and final of Perrys selves is the scientific and artistic self. That self which is so totally absorbed in the pursuit of art or science as to be selfless. (16) To be selfless is to be concerned more with the needs and wishes of others than with ones own. (ODD) There are two famous modern artists who fall into this category. The first is Stefan Joanne Germantown, openly known as Lady Gaga. She was rejected ma ny times before finally getting signed on a record deal which eventually led her to her millions. Her selfless led her to this point. She never gave up on herself because he knew that her music would change the lives of many. The second artist is without a doubt Mile Cyrus. In the pursuit of art, she has completely and utterly changed her whole lifestyle. She went from holding teddy bears and dreaming of rainbows to wearing teddy bears and visualizing rainbows. And last but not least the world famous Albert Einstein. His persistence can truly be marked as a perfect example for anyone fighting for what they know is right. Despite all the attempts to put him down and shut him up, Einstein continued to humbly research and discover wonders of the roll while locals roared about his obvious differences to normal society. True selflessness can be learned from the examples of Albert Einstein as well as Lady Gaga and Mile Cyrus in the scientific and artistic self. Muff have spent a lifetime with yourself, live in the century of the Self, and therefore ought to know yourself best of all (12). In his essay, Percy mentions that anyone can explore for their true self but no one will find it. The cosmological self, the role-taking self, and the scientific and artistic self all reflect Walker Perrys ideas on how people live and act in todays culture.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Freeze Drying and How it Works

Freeze Drying and How it Works The basic process of freeze drying food was known to the ancient Peruvian Incas of the Andes. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is the sublimation/removal of water content from frozen food. The dehydration occurs under a vacuum, with the plant/animal product solidly frozen during the process. Shrinkage is eliminated or minimized, and a near-perfect preservation results. Freeze-dried food lasts longer than other preserved food and is very light, which makes it perfect for space travel. The Incas stored their potatoes and other food crops on the mountain heights above Machu Picchu. The cold mountain temperatures froze the food and the water inside slowly vaporized under the low air pressure of the high altitudes. During World War II, the freeze-dried process was developed commercially when it was used to preserve blood plasma and penicillin. Freeze drying requires the use of a special machine called a freeze dryer, which has a large chamber for freezing and a vacuum pump for removing moisture. Over 400 different types of freeze-dried foods have been commercially produced since the 1960s. Two bad candidates for freeze drying are lettuce and watermelon because they have too high a water content and freeze dry poorly. Freeze-dried coffee is the best-known freeze-dried product. The Freeze-Dryer Special thanks goes to Thomas A. Jennings, PhD, author of  for his reply to the question, Who invented the first freeze-dryer?   Lyophilization - Introduction and Basic Principles, There is no real invention of a freeze-dryer. It appears to have evolved with time from a laboratory instrument that was referred to by Benedict and Manning (1905) as a chemical pump. Shackell took the basic design of Benedict and Manning and used an electrically driven vacuum pump instead of the displacement of the air with ethyl ether to produce the necessary vacuum. It was Shackell who first realized that the material had to be frozen before commencing the drying process - hence freeze-drying. The literature does not readily reveal the person who first called the equipment used to conduct this form of drying a freeze-dryer. For more information on freeze-drying or lyophilization, one is referred to my book Lyophilization -  Introduction and Basic Principles or to the INSIGHTs that appear on our website. Thomas A. Jennings - Phase Technologies, Inc. Dr. Jennings company has developed a number of instruments that are directly applicable to the lyophilization process, including their patented D2 and DTA thermal analysis instrument. Freeze-Dried Trivia Freeze-dried  coffee  was first produced in 1938, and lead to the development of powdered food products. Nestle company invented freeze-dried coffee, after being asked by Brazil to help find a solution to their coffee surpluses. Nestles own freeze-dried coffee product was called Nescafe, and was first introduced in Switzerland. Tasters Choice Coffee, another very famous freeze-dried manufactured product, derives from a patent issued to James Mercer. From 1966 to 1971, Mercer was chief development engineer for Hills Brothers Coffee Inc. in San Francisco. During this five-year period, he was responsible for developing a continuous freeze drying capability for Hills Brothers, for which he was granted 47 U.S. and foreign patents. How Freeze Drying Works According to  Oregon Freeze Dry, the purpose of freeze drying is to remove a solvent (usually water) from dissolved or dispersed solids. Freeze drying is the  method for preserving materials which are unstable in solution. In addition, freeze drying can be used to separate and recover volatile substances, and to purify materials. The fundamental process steps are: Freezing: The product is frozen. This provides a necessary condition for low-temperature drying.Vacuum: After freezing, the product is placed under vacuum. This enables the frozen solvent in the product to vaporize without passing through the liquid phase, a process known as sublimation.Heat: Heat is applied to the frozen product to accelerate sublimation.Condensation: Low-temperature condenser plates remove the vaporized solvent from the vacuum chamber by converting it back to a solid. This completes the separation process. Applications of Freeze-Dried Fruits in Confectionery Products In freeze drying, moisture sublimes directly from the solid state to vapor, thus producing a product with controllable moisture, no need for cooking or refrigeration, and natural flavor and color.

Friday, February 21, 2020

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Essay

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - Essay Example Now in the context of the study the two chosen companies are Apple Inc and Prismo Graphics. Before getting into deep the report will present brief overviews of both the companies. After that, the report will offer merger and acquisition strategies of both Prismo Graphics and Apple. Also in this segment recommendation will be also provided regarding the business level and corporate level strategies. Apple Inc: A Brief Overview The roots of Apple Inc. can be traced back to the early 1976 when the company was established by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak. The company is presently headquartered at Apple Campus, 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, USA (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). Along with its subsidiaries, the company manufactures and sells desktop computers, laptops, mobile communication devices, portable music players, and various other digital gadgets. Some of the best sellers of the company are I-pad, I- Phone, Mac OS, and I-pod. From the time of its inception, the company has always focused on manufacturing innovative and unique products. The company also has the knack of producing those products, which the world has never seen. It has a worldwide presence and operates with 370 exclusive Apple stores. Apart from the hardware department, the company is also famous for its software division. Some of the noteworthy software embraced by Apple is Mac OS, I-tunes, Quick time player, I-work and logic studio among others (Apple Store, n.d.). In the context of merger and acquisition, Apple also has a long tradition. The first acquisition came in the year 1988, when Apple acquired Network Innovations. Prismo Graphics: A Brief Overview Prismo Graphics was founded in the year 1987. The company has its operation throughout USA. Prismo Graphics is presently headquartered at Oregon, United States. The company is basically involved in the business of developing animated stuff for the corporate and broadcast media arena. However the primary goal of the company is to create prospects for the ‘Digital Content Creator’. In this context the company improves the messages of the web, corporate video, print and broadcast media by adding graphics and animation. The company has employee strength of 50-100 and the total revenue us around $10 million - $25 million. In the year 2002, the company was acquired by Apple Inc (Wit & Meyer, 2010, p.688). Merger and Acquisition Strategy of Apple Apple is a company which always focuses on the development of unique and innovative products (Whetten & Cameron, 2008, p.208). However having speciality in every field of business is complex and therefore Apple has the philosophy of acquiring small and medium firms and integrating it within the existing projects. Furthermore the company also strives to increase their product line. This can be cited as one of the rationales behind the acquisition of Prismo Graphics by Apple. It has helped the company to start their operations in the field of animation. The pu rchase also continued Apple’

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Supervisor Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supervisor Development - Essay Example also make my team members feel rewarded and research has it that an employee’s motivation depends on this expectation that his/her efforts will lead to a valued reward (Mathis, Jackson, & Valentine, 2013, p. 127). I aim to develop a hands-on leading style which would not be about supervision alone, but also turning difference of opinion into quality performance. As a conscientious supervisor, I also believe that developing a solid relationship with team members is exceedingly important. This is where human relations skills could offer real value. I will try to refine my skills in this area by using the tool of good communication. I will relate with my team members in a way that would make them feel like they are being positively influenced instead of being forced to comply with orders. Skills based on participative leadership and good relationship will enable me in supervising my team because they both promote supervision based on

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty Tesco was founded in 1924 by John Edward Cohen in the East End of London. The name Tesco, was first used on tea, and was derived from the initials of Cohens tea supplier, T E Stockwell, combined with the first two letters of Cohen. Tesco Stores Limited was incorporated in 1932. In 1935, Jack Cohen visited the U S A and was impressed by the supermarkets self-service system which enabled more people to be served faster, with lower labour costs. In 1947, the Tesco branch in St Albans, a small shop by 21st century standards (200 square metres) was the first Tesco to be converted to self service, although it didnt immediately catch the publics imagination. See appendix 1 for details. Tescos Mission Statement Tescos mission statement is to Retain Loyal People. To make sure Tesco achieve their mission statement, they need to know who their loyal customers are. That is why Tesco has got a club card service, through which they can award people by giving them special vouchers and extra points. Vision A business aim is an organisations long-term goal. In 2005, the two core values of Tesco are: No-one tries harder for customers and Treat people as we like to be treated. In 2006, Tescos mission and vision shows that this company is really for quality service and values their customers:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be the leader in Quality Service provided to everyone in the retailing industry  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understand the needs of their client and respond with urgency.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meet customers demands and exceeds their expectations  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain highly trained and motivated employees.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Continuously improve their skills, service and achieve excellence in all of the companys endeavours. Objective Objectives are goals that a firm sets itself for the next three or five years. They have a timescale, they must be measurable and they must contribute to the business achieving its aims. The core objective of Tesco is to establish value for customers in order to gain their lifetime loyalty.  Tescos success depends on their valued customers. These customers shop and work with the company. Tescos principle is, if the customer likes what they offer, surely these people will come back and purchase again. Industry Stage Life Cycle The stage life cycle of the retail industry is no doubt to be mature  because of the profits they are gaining every year. The retail industrys profit is increasing and profiting from their cash cows. Tesco is the largest UK retailer and the 3rd largest global retailer. Tesco controlled 30.8% of the UK grocery market as of May 2009 and ~9% of the UK non-food retail market. The majority of its sales and profits are generated in its 2,282 UK stores, which are segmented into the following formats: Tesco Express neighbourhood convenience store that focuses on fresh products, 961 stores Tesco Metro city centre convenience store,174 stores Tesco Superstore conventional supermarket, 448 stores Tesco Extra hypermarket that serves an entire community, 177 stores Tesco Homeplus and One-Stop account for its remaining stores The company also sells general merchandise through Tesco Direct, its online and catalogue businesses. Tescos management focuses on customer satisfaction by giving customers more choices where to shop and by offering them attractive prices on its products. In the fourth quarter of 2008, Tesco began selling new discount range of products to compete more aggressively on price against discounters. Its prices are generally perceived to be at a small premium to Asda and a small discount to Sainsbury and Morrison. Tescos primary supermarket competitors in the UK include Asda (17.3% share of UK grocery market), Sainsbury (16.3% share), WM Morrison Supermarkets (11.2% share), Waitrose (3.7% share), Aldi (2.9% share) and Lidl (2.3% share). In recent years, some of its major competitors have turned around their struggling stores, which will make it more challenging for Tesco to gain significant share in the UK market going forward. Tesco uses its customer information to target and segment communications to the millions of its loyalty program members by almost infinite demographic, purchase, and lifestyle profiles. Several hundred million in-store purchases per day are being tracked by the loyalty-card program. The company developed 5,000 customer needs segments, with each segment receiving personalized coupons. Source: www.tesco.com Income Statement Summary Sources: Companies, www.DeutscheBank.com Tescos UK sales grew 4.3% last year (3% ex gasoline) and its net new stores contributed 2.7% to growth. Its UK sales also benefited from a 53rd week that represented 2.1% of sales and the first time contribution from the consolidation of Tesco Personal Finance. International sales grew 30.6% (including FX benefits) and 13.6% at constant exchange rates benefiting from square footage growth and strong sales growth in Asia. The companys operating margin was flat at 5.9% in fiscal 2009 as unfavourable sales mix was offset by increased productivity and good expense control. Its EPS growth was only 2.6% last year, hurt by 26.7% tax rate vs. 24% in fiscal 2008 when it benefited from tax reimbursement and lower UK corporate tax rate. Introduction: The organisations of choice are within the Retails sector TESCO and ASDA as the elective firm both are UK based companies. 1.1 Tesco objectives blend in with each other All of Tescos objectives blend in with each other. None of the objectives will work without each other. For example; the business will not have any customers if the business is not operating well. Share holders will not invest money in the business, if the business hasnt got any customers. The company will not be able to afford to have any employees working for them if they havent got money being invested in the business. 1.2. Stakeholders Tesco Stakeholders are a certain group of people that have an interest in Tesco group businesses. Each group have their own interests in the business. The service-profit chain attempts to show the interrelationship of a companys internal and external communities, stakeholders and highlights how customer loyalty that translates into revenue growth and profits might be achieved; developed by Heskett et al. (1994). It does this by establishing relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, stakeholders and employees satisfaction. Tesco has many stakeholders. They are as follows: * Shareholders * Customers * Employees * Government and Non-Governmental * Local Community * Suppliers * Financials * Pressure Groups Customers: Generally a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from. All customers want these things and by Tesco providing them Tesco will attract more customers because of people talking about it (Word-of-Mouth). Tesco like most business need their customers because they are the business income as the customers are the people who buy Tescos products. Tesco staffs hear customers views on everything from how we are serving them in our stores to our role in the community. The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customers needs can be things such as expanding their stores. Staff Tesco employees give management their feedback through the Viewpoint staff survey, Staff Question Time sessions and Tesco Staff Forum process. Suppliers Tesco group core value is treat people how we like to be treated, and its something Tesco organisation applied firmly to enhance their suppliers relationships. Investors Capital Investor Relations team regularly meet analysts from the financial institutions which invest in Tesco group or represent their shareholders. All the above defined stakeholders are Tesco group influencers. They affect the outcome of the decision making process through their influence on others. Influence could stem formally from expertise, such as the advice of an accountant on return on investment. 2. Nature of the Retail (Tesco) Marketing Environment The definition that the module assignment work with is that Tesco organisations marketing environment is made up of those forces that lie outside the Tesco group organisation and that exert some degree of influence upon the ways in which marketing management develops relationship with the firms target markets. Two distinct components within Tesco environment are: Micro-environment and the macro-environment. See figure 1 below. Social and cultural factors Legislation Economic Factor Political Issues Technological changes Supply chain Customers Competitors Suppliers Distributors The Tesco Organisation Figure 1. The Tesco Organisations marketing environment It is recognised that regardless of which approach Tesco group adopts; the environment is a significant determinant both of strategy and organisational performance. Baker (1985, pg. 85) described it as the ultimate constraint upon the firms strategy; Drucker (1969), referred to the environment of the 1960 and 1970s as age of discontinuity; and Toffler (1970, pg. 28), who look ahead, referred to it as a time of future shock. 2.1. MARKETING AUDIT The marketing audit is really the launching pad for the Tesco marking plan, because it encourages Tesco management to reflect systematically on the environment and the organisations ability to respond, given its actual and planned capabilities. Similar to financial audit, marketing audit is first and critical about developing a shared, agreed and objective understanding of Tesco organisation. The audit is has suggested by McDonald (1995, p.28): The means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weakness as they relate to external opportunities and threats; It is thus a way of helping management to select a position in that environment based on known factors. Three major elements and potential benefits of the marketing audit can be seen to be: The detailed analysis of the external environment and internal situation The objective evaluation of past performance and present activities. The clearer identification of future opportunities and threats. These three above factors can be viewed against the background of comments made by Ansoff (1968 1984), who has suggested that irrespective of the size of the organisation, corporate decisions have to be made within the constraint of a limited total resource. Marketing audit have a place the overall management audit that incorporate financial audit together with audits of other functional areas as illustrated in figure 2 below. Marketing audit in terms of structure consists of three major and detailed diagnostic steps. That involved a review of: Tesco organisations environment (opportunities and threats) designed to establish the various dimensions of the marketing environment, change and probable impact of these change upon the organisation; its marketing systems (strengths and weakness) an assessment of the extent to which Tescos marketing systems are capable of dealing with the demands of the environment and its marketing activities review of the individual components of the marketing mix. There are the environmental variables and operational variables with distinction in terms of the macro-environmental forces (political / legal, economic / demographic, social / cultural, and technological) that affect the business. Micro-environmental actors (customers, competitors, distributors and suppliers) who subsequently influence Tesco organisations ability to operate profitably in the market-place Macro environment is the most general external audit of the environment, that consist of broad environmental factors, aimed at identifying key variable that offer actionable responses that would benefit Tesco and threats that must be avoided. These key external forces can be divided into five broad categories. Economic forces Social, Cultural, Demographic and Environmental forces Political, Governmental and Legal forces Technological forces Competitive Force Financial audit Personnel audit Production audit The Management audit Marketing audit EXTERNAL (Opportunities and threats) Macro The business and economic environments (political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors PESTLE) Market Competition INTERNAL (Strengths and weaknesses) Micro Organisational performance and structure Operations and resources Marketing objectives Marketing strategy Information systems Planning systems Control systems Functional efficiency Inter-functional efficiency Profitability analysis Cost-effective analysis Figure 2. The place of the marketing audit in the overall management audit 2.2. SWOT Analysis The strengths and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis focus on the current market position of Tesco in retails business in relation to its: Customers is the business meeting the needs of its target markets Competitors- is the business offering a better way of meeting customer needs compared with its competitors Internal resources- is the business making effective use of its internal resources to meet customer needs and deal with competition The opportunities and threats of a SWOT analysis focus on the future market position of Tesco in retails business. Tesco organisation used their strengths and limits the weaknesses to plan for future development, marketing strategies and activities. Tescos opportunities and threats grew out of objectives, consideration of the real strengths and weaknesses of their business. Specific information were collated (such as data captured and analysed from CRM programs) before the process begins and personnel working to a joint solutions, adopted a truly objective positioning for the processes to be successful and worthwhile. 2.2.1. The main purpose of a SWOT analysis: Identify market opportunities To avoid complacency about market position a self evaluating organization As a safety check before embarking on major new project As a response to change change of director might initiate a SWOT analysis to gauge the strength of the team. There is no set procedure for carrying out a SWOT analysis but care must be taken to identify weaknesses if the process is to serve its purpose. A weakness may purely be lack of information, or lack of suitably qualified staff. SWOT analysis of TESCO Strengths Weaknesses To provide high level customer service Presence in multiple retail markets For Tesco to create unique products Increasing market share Wide knowledge of retail industry Competent top management and rank file for operation and maintenance Existing customer base Financial investment backing. Strong IT returns through internet shopping Good advertising Used iconic models to attract core target group. Tesco Online Brand value Insurance Secured commercial standing within the global market place winning Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards. This can be used for marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability Product diversification home and furniture Turnaround in sales and growth As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like for like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Tescos position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers. Low supervision on international market Considerably late exploitation of the Internet. Whilst current economic conditions suggest Tescos key value message will succeed there is a weakness in non-essential, mid to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Reliance upon the UK market Comparing Tesco with British Airways might get you thinking about how dependent Tesco is on the UK market (73.8% of 2003 revenues.) Comparing Tesco with Amazon might reveal flaws in its attempts to move into new markets. TESCO Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers Opportunities Threats Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. Further international growth Expansion of target market Healthy market environment Increasing detraction of small retail businesses in UK Use younger more contemporary models to attract younger generation. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tescos ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. Introducing wider ranges such as Tesco (Value, Brand, Finest, Wholefoods, Bakery Kids), Healthy Living, Organic, Best Of British, World Foods, Cherokee, Free From, Tesco Christmas, Tescos own clothing label F+F to mention few Other services e.g. banking, insurance, savings to mention few. UK structural change could spark a price war Rising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall International expansion Economic restructuring Intensified competition Government regulation UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the credit crunch. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins. Changes to consumer buying behaviours require further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Overconfident of Tesco management Figure. 3. Tesco Micro and Macro-Environmental SWOT analysis 3. Tescos Strategic Options 3.1. Generic Strategies Generic Strategies are characterised by an individual retailers response to the industry structure. For a giant retailer, such as Tesco, to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage they may have followed either one of three generic strategies, developed by Porter (1985). The first strategy of cost leadership is one in which Tesco can strive to have the lowest costs in the industry and offer its products and services to a broad market at the lowest prices. This strategy will be based on the Tescos ability to control their operating costs so well that they are able to price their products competitively and be able to generate high profit margins, thus having a significant competitive advantage. Tesco used another strategy of differentiation that it has to try to offer services and products with unique features that customers value; Tesco was able to create brand loyalty for their offerings, and thus, price inelasticity on the part of buyers. Tescos breadths of product offerings, technology, special features, or customer service are popular approaches to differentiation The last strategy of focus can be either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy aimed toward a narrow, focused market. In pursuing a cost leadership strategy Tesco focuses on the creation of internal efficiencies that will help them withstand external pressures. Therefore, it appears reasonable to think that Tesco will have frequent interactions with the governmental/regulatory and supplier sectors of the environment. In accordance to this framework, while both overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies are aimed at the broad market, Tesco may also choose to confine their product to specific market areas or may choose to offer a smaller line of products to the broad market, thus pursuing a strategy of focus or niche (Porter, 1980). In other words, Tesco pursues a strategy of cost leadership or differentiation either in a specific market or with specific products. 3.2. Core Competence and Corporate strategy Superior performance, according to Johnson and Scholes (2003), has to be determined by the way in which companys resources are deployed to create competence in the organisational activities. Core competencies are activities or processes that critically underpin the companys competitive advantage. Core competences may be embedded deep in Tesco at an operational level in the work routines. The framework developed by Prahalad and Hamel in the 1990s suggests that over time companies may develop key areas of expertise which are distinctive to that company and critical to the companys long term growth (Drejer, 2000; De Toni, and Tonchia, 2003). In the case of Tesco the areas of expertise are most likely to develop in the critical, central areas of the organisation where the most value is added to its service and its delivery The phrase used by Tesco to describe its aspiration to appeal to upper, medium and low income customers is inclusive offer in the same stores. Tesco pulled off an idea that other retailers were not aware. That appealed to all segments of the market. One plank of this inclusively has been Tescos use of its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest and low-price Value. Tesco implemented CRM programme launched the Clubcard rewards program to gather necessary customer information, which it then used to cater to specific customer needs and potential wants. When shoppers signed up for the card, they automatically submitted their age, gender, and income. Tesco was able to segment their shoppers based on these factors. As soon as the shopper used the card when shopping online or in-store, purchased product information was automatically uploaded into Tesco database. Product information was used to cross-sell additional products and services such as grocery delivery services. Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO, Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase The Tesco Way to describe the companys core purposes, values, principles, and goals This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahys leadership, implying a shift by the company to focus on people, both customers and employees. 3.3. Partnership with Tesco Tesco respond to changes in marketing by partnering with other businesses; Tesco then added a travel service through a partnership with Lunn Poly, giving discounts off high-street prices. It also combined its card with Visa through the Royal Bank of Scotland, and offered discounts on DIY goods through well-known home improvement chain BQ. In 1997 it added a full range of financial services, and the Tesco Direct service. Adding value was mandatory to these functional items so, for example, expectant mothers were given priority parking outside the store, changing facilities, and personal shopping assistants to help them. In 1998, after the U.K.s deregulation of utilities, Tesco began to offer electricity and telecommunications products and services. Also in that year, clothing was added to the range through Next. By this time, Tesco had identified 108 customer market segments. This year, 2000, a joint undertaking with General Motors allows customers to buy cars from Tesco. 3.4. Enhancing Quality Everyday, top managers of Tesco stores gather for an hour-and-a-half customer advocacy meeting to pore over that weeks performance statistics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a strategy which is concerned with changing the fundamental beliefs, values and culture of an organisation, harnessing the enthusiasm and participation of everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.towards an overall idea of right first time by Atkinson and Naden (1989, pg 6). What makes this unusual is that every performance measure under scrutiny relates to customer satisfaction, and this meeting is the most important one on the corporate schedule. See Appendix 2 for On-Time-Delivery Tesco competitive strategy. 4. Industry Attractiveness   Inherent within the notion of strategy is the issue of competitiveness, analyzing industry attractiveness, and Porters (1979) five forces model is used. The attractiveness of the retail industry depends on the situation of competition. The competition in the retail industry is based on its economic structure Porters Five Forces Model implies that business are being influenced by five forces namely supplier power, threat of substitutes, buyer power, barriers to entry and rivalry. This model also implies that business must be able to understand the industry context in which they operate. 4.1. Porter five forces analysis: A Porters five forces analysis can complement other techniques, like a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis focuses on the company, while a Porters five forces analysis looks at the external factors impacting on a company Porters five forces framework as shown in figure 4, helps identify the sources of competition in the retail sector, and as a way of assessing the attractiveness that profit Tescos retails market. The underlying force in the macro-environment driven competitive forces are:- The bargaining power of supplier The bargaining power of buyers The threat of potential new entrants The threat of substitutes The extent of competitive rivalry The above five forces are not independent of each other, connection between competitive forces and the key driver in macro-environment is essential. Pressures from one direction can trigger off changes in another in a dynamic process of shifting sources of competition. Industry Competitors Rivalry among Existing firms Potential Entrants Buyers Suppliers Substitutes Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Threat of substitude products or services Threat of new entrants Figure 4, Porters Five Forces Model The objectives of such an analysis investigated how Tesco organisation formed its strategy in other to develop opportunities and protect itself against competition and other threats. This must be done in order to better design the strategy that the business will use to be able to compete with rivals within the same industry. It is important for businesses to determine the level of competition present within the industry. This will allow them to address potential risks before they even strike. 4.2. Cost advantage and differentiation According to Baker (1985), a business positions itself based on its strengths and strength are categorized into two cost advantage and differentiation. Furthermore, when these strengths are applied in either a narrow or a broad sense, it will result to three generic strategies focus, differentiation and cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership strategy means that the company is the low cost producer or provider of a certain quality item in a given industry. This kind of strategy is being implemented for two reasons and achieved through two ways. The first method and reason is to sale items at average industry price so that the company will be able to be more profitable compared to rivals. The second method and reason is to sale the products at below average industry price in order to gain market share. According to Baker (1985), a company that has the ability to produce or offer less costly products will be able to remain profitable for a longer period. It is important to note that this strategy targets a broad market. 4.3. BCG Matrix Tesco can be considered as a cash cow because it distributes quality and extra services to its consumers and equipped with new innovative products and services in United Kingdom. At the same time the company can also be considered as Stars because they put a lot of efforts to increase the awareness of their consumers to the benefits of e-commerce and retailing 5. Market Objectives and Strategies Implementation Strategy frameworks and structuring tools are keys to assessing the business situation. Risk and value trade-offs are made explicit, leading to concrete proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit plans for action, including effective planning need to be developed by Tesco as the strategic alternative. Piercy and Morgan (1990, pg. 2) state: In short, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..reality the marketing executive faces is that implementing plans and strategies successfully is often d

Sunday, January 19, 2020

How Should Guilty People Be Punished? :: essays research papers

How should guilty people be punished? Thousands of crimes are committed throughout the year; robbery, fraud, rape etc†¦ The people who commit these crimes and are caught are sent to jail. The only thing is, Every person who committed a crime had a different reason for doing it. That is why the Court exists, to judge each case differently. There should be an individual punishment for every case, because every case is different, and the â€Å"criminals† have different motives. I would like to give examples: For instance in murder cases; if a woman murdered her husband because he would beat her and the only way she could survive was by killing him, this case should be judged differently next to a case for instance a woman killing her husband because she was jealous of him. Both of these woman who committed these crimes should get jail time, because it can set an example to other woman, but the woman from the first case should get in my opinion maximum 2 years of jail time and also community service. Even thow self defense is legal it is very hard to prove. In the cases of robbery; If a man robbed a place for survival, and another man robbed a bank for money, both of these cases should be judged differently, they definitely should get a punishment, but different ones. In the cases of â€Å"first offender† and â€Å"second offender; a first time offender might have done a stupid mistake therefore the penalty should be less severe then someone who has a police record with other convictions. In the cases of â€Å"juveniles† committing crimes; i find that it all depends on the crime, because in some case the â€Å"juvenile† committed the crime because he was under a certain peer pressure, or anything that made him commit the crime against his own will. But in cases of a juvenile committing an act of murder of some sort i think he should be judged as an Adult in court and receive the punishment he deserves. A juvenile who commits the crime usually knows the difference between right and wrong, therefore should get the same punishment as an adult who committed this crime.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

How Do Humans Reproduce?

The reproduction in human beings differs from other living things because we are complex organisms. Unlike bacteria, the simplest living things, our reproduction involves a male and female to mate. For bacteria, normally it is asexual, meaning there is no need for a male and female partner to mate. A single bacterium, which is single one celled organism, can divide into two new one celled organism. This process of cell division is called mitosis for most one celled organism or binary fission for prokaryotic cells.As female and male human being mate, the egg of a female becomes fertilized by the sperm of the male. Although arthropods like grasshoppers also mate, the egg of a grasshopper contains a little yolk to support the egg cell when it develops after fertilization. Since the yolk is small, several germ cells contained in a single egg support the primary germ cell providing nourishment after fertilization. Human eggs do not have yolk, after fertilization the developing baby is nou rish by the mother through the umbilical cord.Another group of animals living in the water also differ from human egg. Unlike land dwelling animals, aquatic animals like fish have their eggs in water were the exchange of nutrients and waste is easy to achieve. Therefore some fish eggs do not have much yolk to support the embryo during development. Although unlike human egg, they normally have gelatinous materials that cover the egg and provide additional nourishment. To humans this is the reason why we have amniotic fluids to allow nutrients to enter our body and waste to come out.Even our closest relatives, the bear which is a mammal, still differ from our reproduction. In female human beings, normally only one egg can be fertilized at one time. This is because only one egg is released by the ovary during the ovulation period. For bear one or more eggs can be fertilized at a time producing typically 4 to 5 cubs. When the human egg is fertilized it forms a zygote that undergoes a 9 month gestation period before coming out as a young baby. References Materials provided by student.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Egyptian View of Death and Their Pyramids

The Egyptian view of death during the dynastic period involved elaborate mortuary rituals, including the careful preservation of bodies through mummification as well as immensely rich royal burials such as that of Seti I and Tutankhamun, and construction of the pyramids, the largest and most long-lived monumental architecture known in the world. The Egyptian religion is described in the vast body of mortuary literature found and deciphered after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. The primary texts are the Pyramid Texts — murals painted and carved onto walls of the pyramids dated to the Old Kingdom Dynasties 4 and 5; the Coffin Texts — decorations painted on elite individual coffins after the Old Kingdom, and the Book of the Dead. The Basics of the Egyptian Religion All of that was part and parcel of the Egyptian religion, a polytheistic system, which included a number of different gods and goddesses, each of whom was responsible for a specific aspect of life and the world. For example, Shu was the god of the air, Hathor the goddess of sexuality and love, Geb the god of the earth, and Nut the goddess of the sky. However, unlike the classic Greek and Roman mythologies, the Egyptians gods didnt have much of a backstory. There was no specific dogma or doctrine, nor was there a set of required beliefs. There was no standard of orthodoxy. In fact, the Egyptian religion may have lasted for 2,700 years because local cultures could adapt and create new traditions, all of which were considered valid and correct — even if they had internal contradictions. A Hazy View of the Afterlife There may have been no highly developed and intricate narratives about the actions and deeds of the gods, but there was a firm belief in a realm that existed beyond the visible one. Humans could not comprehend this other world intellectually but they could experience it through mythic and cultic practices and rituals. In the Egyptian religion, the world and the universe were part of a strict and unchanging order of stability called Maat. This was both an abstract idea, a concept of universal stability, and the goddess who represented that order. Maat came into existence at the time of creation, and she continued to be the principle for the stability of the universe. The universe, the world, and the political state all had their appointed place in the world based on a principle system of order. Maat and a Sense of Order Maat was in evidence with the daily return of the Sun, the regular rise and fall of the Nile River, the annual return of the seasons. While Maat was in control, the positive powers of light and life would always overcome the negative forces of darkness and death: nature and the universe were on the side of humanity. And humanity was represented by the ones who had died, especially the rulers who were incarnations of the god Horus. Maat was not threatened, as long as man was no longer threatened by eternal annihilation. During his or her life, the pharaoh was the earthly embodiment of Maat and the effective agent through which Maat was realized; as the incarnation of Horus, the pharaoh was the direct heir of Osiris. His role was to make sure the obvious order of Maat was maintained and to take positive action to restore that order if it was lost. It was crucial for the nation that the pharaoh successfully made it to the afterlife, to maintain Maat. Securing a Place in the Afterlife At the heart of the Egyptian view of death was the Osiris myth. At sunset every day, the Sun god Ra traveled along a heavenly barge illuminating the deep caverns of the underworld to meet and battle Apophis, the great serpent of darkness and oblivion, and succeed to rise again the next day. When an Egyptian died, not just the pharaoh, they had to follow the same path as the Sun. At the end of that journey, Osiris sat in judgment. If the human had led a righteous life, Ra would guide their souls to immortality, and once united with Osiris, the soul could be reborn. When a pharaoh died, the journey became crucial to the whole nation — as Horus/Osiris and the pharaoh could continue to keep the world in balance. Although there wasnt a specific moral code, Maats divine principles said that to live a righteous life meant a citizen kept moral order. A person was always part of Maat and if he or she disordered Maat, he or she would find no place in the afterworld. To live a good life, a person would not steal, lie, or cheat; not defraud widows, orphans, or the poor; and not harm others or offend the gods. The upright individual would be kind and generous to others, and benefit and help those around him or her. Building a Pyramid Since it was important to see that a pharaoh made it to the afterlife, the internal structures of the pyramids and the royal burials in the Valleys of the Kings and Queens were built with intricate passageways, multiple corridors, and servants tombs. The shape and number of the internal chambers varied and features such as pointed roofs and starry ceilings were in a constant state of reformulation. The earliest pyramids had an internal pathway to the tombs that ran north/south, but by the construction of the Step Pyramid, all corridors began on the west side and led toward the east, marking the journey of the Sun. Some of the corridors led up and down and up again; some took a 90-degree bend in the middle, but by the sixth dynasty, all entrances started at ground level and headed eastward. Sources Billing, Nils. â€Å"Monumentalizing the Beyond. Reading the Pyramid before and after the Pyramid Texts.†Ã‚  Studien Zur Altà ¤gyptischen Kultur, vol. 40, 2011, pp. 53–66.Kemp, Barry, et al. â€Å"Life, Death and beyond in Akhenatens Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna.†Ã‚  Antiquity, vol. 87, no. 335, 2013, pp. 64–78.Mojsov, Bojana. â€Å"The Ancient Egyptian Underworld in the Tomb of Sety I: Sacred Books of Eternal Life.†Ã‚  The Massachusetts Review, vol. 42, no. 4, 2001, pp. 489–506.Tobin, Vincent Arieh. â€Å"Mytho-Theology in Ancient Egypt.†Ã‚  Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. 25, 1988, pp. 169–183.